ÔN THI TUYỂN SINH LỚP 10
I. NGỮ PHÁP (GRAMMAR)
TOPIC 1: TENSES (Thì)
TENSES
USE
SIGNAL WORDS
EXAMPLES
SIMPLE PRESENT
(HIỆN TẠI ĐƠN)
Động từ thường
+: S + V1 / V(s/es)
-: S + don’t/ doesn’t + V
?: Do / Does + S + V …?
Động từ to be:
S + am/ is / are …
- thói quen ở hiện tại
- sự thật, chân lí.
- always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, rarely, never, every, normally, regularly, occasionally, as a rule …
- She often goes to school late.
- The sun rises in the east.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
(HIỆN TẠI TIẾP DIỄN)
+: S + am/is/are + V-ing
-: S + am/ is/ are + not + V-ing
?: Am / Is /Are + S + V-ing?
- hành động đang diễn ra vào lúc nói.
- dự định sẽ thực hiện trong tương lai gần.
- hành động có tính chất tạm thời.
- at the moment, now, right now, at present
- Look!
- Listen!
- Be quiet!
- Keep silence!
Note: một số động từ thường không dùng với thì tiếp diễn: like, dislike, hate, love, want, prefer, admire, believe, understand, remember, forget, know, belong, have, taste, smell, be
- I can’t answer the phone. I’m having a bath.
- She is going to the cinema tonight.
- He often goes to work by car, but today he is taking a bus.
PRESENT PERFECT
(HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH)
+: S + has / have + P.P
-: S + has / have + not + P.P
?: Has / Have + S + P.P?
- hành động bắt đầu trong quá khứ, kéo dài đến hiện tại và có thể tiếp tục trong tương lai.
- hành động vừa mới xảy ra.
- lately, recently (gần đây)
- so far, up to now, up to the present (cho tới bây giờ)
- already, ever, never, just, yet, for + khoảng th/g, since + mốc th/g.
- how long …
- this is the first time/second time…
- many times / several times
- I have learnt English for five years.
- She has just received a letter from her father.
SIMPLE PAST
(QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN)
+: S + V2 / V-ed
-: S + didn’t + V
?: Did + S + V ….?
- hành động xảy ra và chấm dứt ở một thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ.
- một chuỗi hành động xảy ra liên tục trong quá khứ.
- một thói quen trong quá khứ
- yesterday, last week, last month, …ago, in 1990, in the past, …
- She went to London last year.
- The man came to the door, unlocked it, entered the room, went to the bed and lay down on it.
- When we were students, we often went on a picnic every weekend.
PAST PROGRESSIVE
(QUÁ KHỨ TIẾP DIỄN)
+: S + was / were + V-ing
-: S + was / were + not + V-ing
?: Was / Were + S + V-ing…?
- hành động đang xảy ra tại một thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ
- hai hành động cùng xảy ra đồng thời trong quá khứ
- at that time, at (9 o’clock) last night, at this time (last week),
- He was doing his homework at 8 o’clock last night.
- The children were playing football while their mother was cooking the meal.
SIMPLE FUTURE
(TƯƠNG LAI ĐƠN)
+: S + will / shall + V…
-: S + will / shall + not + V
(won’t / shan’t + V)
?: Will / Shall + S + V …?
- hành động sẽ xảy ra trong tương lai
- một quyết định được đưa ra vào lúc nói
- tomorrow, next, in 2020, ….
- I think / guess
- I am sure / I am not sure
- He will come back tomorrow.
- The phone is ringing. I will answer it.
Lưu ý cách dùng của Be going to + V
- diễn tả một dự định đã được sắp đặt trước
Ex: She is going to buy a new computer. (She has saved for a year)
- diễn tả một dự đoán có căn cứ
Ex: The sky is absolutely dark. It is going to rain.
Note:
- hai hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ:
. hành động ngắn dùng thì quá khứ đơn, hành động dài dùng thì quá khứ tiếp diễn
Ex: Yesterday morning, I met my friend while I was going to school.
. hành động xảy ra trước dùng thì quá khứ hoàn thành, hành động xảy ra sau dùng thì quá khứ đơn
Ex: She went out with her friends after she had finished her homework.
She had finished her homework before she went out with her friends.
Một số cách hòa hợp thì giữa mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề thời gian:
(Mệnh đề chính)
(Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian)
Hiện tại
Hiện tại
Quá khứ
Quá khứ
Tương lai
Hiện tại
1. TLĐ + until / when / as soon as + HTĐ I will wait here until she comes back.
2. TLĐ + after + HTHT He will go home after he has finished his work.
3. while / when / as + QKTD, QKĐ While I was going to school, I met my friend.
4. QKĐ + while / when / as + QKTD
It (start) --------------- to rain while the boys (play) -------------- football.
5. QKTD + while + QKTD
Last night, I was doing my homework while my sister was playing games.
6. HTHT + since + QKĐ I (work) -------------------- here since I (graduate)---------------------.
7. After + QKHT, QKĐ After I had finished my homework, I (go) --------------- to bed.
8. Before / By the time + QKĐ + QKHT
Before she (have) ---------------- dinner, she (write) ------------- letter.
EXERCISES
Part A: Multiple Choices
1. He was writing to his friend when he __________a noise.
A. was hearing B. heard C. had heard D. hears
2. I __________many people since I came here in June.
A. met B. has met C. was meeting D. have met
3. We __________ maths at this time last week.
A. were learning B. are learning C. was learning D. learnt
4. She was playing games while he __________a football match.
A. watched B. watches C. was watching D. watching
5. She __________to Ho Chi Minh city last year.
A. goes B. has gone C. go D. went
6. Since we came here, we ______ a lot of acquaintances.
A. have had B. had C. have D. are having
7. __________he playing football now?
A. Will B. Does C. Was D. Is
8. Every morning, I often sit in my garden and____ to my nightingale sing.
A. listening B. listen C. listened D. listens
9. She __________school when she was six.
A. start B. started C. has started D. are starting
10. I. __________TV when the telephone rang.
A. watched B. was watching C. are watching D. have watched
11. I will contact you as soon as I ___________the information.
A. will get B. get C. got D. had got
12. If hes late again, I_____ very angry.
A. am going to be B. will be C. would be D. am
13. A: “The phone is ringing” B. “ I ______it”.
A. answer B. will answer C. have answered D. will be answering
14. Yesterday, I _______ for work late because I _______ to set my alarm.
A. had left / forgot B. was leaving / was forgetting
C. left / had forgot D. had been leaving / would forget
15. By the time we ____ to the train station, Susan _____ for us for more than two hours.
A. will get / has been waiting B. got / was waiting
C. got / had been waiting D. get / will wait
16. While her brother was in the army, Sarah ___________ to him twice a week.
A. was writing B. wrote C. has written D. had written
17. The Titanic _______ the Atlantic when it _______ an iceberg.
A. was crossing / struck B. had crossed / was striking
C. crossed / had struck D. is crossing / strikes
18. In the 19th century, it _______ two or three months to cross North America by covered wagon.
A. took B. had taken C. had taken D. was taking
19. Last night at this time, they _______ the same thing. She ______ and he _________ the Newspaper.
A. are not doing / is cooking / is reading B. were not doing / was cooking / was reading
C. was not doing / has cooked / is reading D. had not done / was cooking /read
20. After he ____________ his English course, he went to England to continue his study.
A. finish B. finishes C. finished D. had finished
21. It’s a long time since we last went to the cinema.
A. We have been to the cinema for a long time. B. We haven’t been to the cinema for a long time.
C. We don’t go to the cinema as we used to. D. We wish we went to the cinema now.
22. The last time I saw Rose was three years ago.
A. I didn’t see Rose for three years. B. I haven’t seen Rose three years ago.
C. I haven’t seen Rose since three years. D. I haven’t seen Rose for three years.
23. I havent visited the museum for three months.
A. It is three months since I have visited the museum.
B. I didnt visit the museum three months ago.
C. The last time I had visited the museum was three months ago.
D. It is three months since I visited the museum.
24. John began playing the piano 10 years ago
A. John played the piano 10 years ago. C. John has played the piano for 10 years.
B. John used to play the piano 10 years ago. D. John doesnt play the piano anymore
25. The last time I saw her was a week ago. .
A. I havent seen her for a week. C. I havent seen her since a week.
B. I have seen her for a week. D. I have seen her since a week.
Part B: ERROR REGCONITION
1. When I walk past the park, I saw some children play football.
A B C D
2. After John eaten dinner, he wrote several letters and went to bed.
A B C D
3. What did you do at 9 oclock last night? I phoned you but nobody answered.
A B C D
4. When I arrived at the station, the train has already left.
A B C D
5. Ann and Susan have known each other during they were at school.
A B C D
6. She has disappeared three days ago, and they are still looking for her now.
A B C D
7. After Mrs. Wang had returned to her house from work, she was cooking dinner
A B C D
8. It’s the first time I saw this film
A B C D
9. After he graduates from university, he joined the army.
A B C D
10. Up to now, there had been no woman being chosen the US president.
A B C D
PART C: WRITE THE CORRECT TENSES
1. Last night we (watch) __________TV when the power (fail) __________.
2. London (change) ___________ a lot since we first (come) __________ to live here.
3. I (spend) __________ a lot of time travelling since I (get) __________this new job.
4. She (have) __________a hard life, but she’s always smiling.
5. He sometimes (come) __________ to see his parents.
6. Last month I (be) _____________ in the hospital for ten days.
7. What you (do) ____________________ when I (ring) ________________ you last night?
8. I (not see) __________________ him since last Sunday.
9. My mother (come) __________________ to stay with us next week.
10. When he lived in Manchester, he (work) _________________ in a bank.
11. Columbus (discover) ___________________ America more than 400 years ago.
12. Listen! The birds (sing) ________________.
13. ______You (receive) _______________ any letter from your parents yet?
14. How long ________Bob and Mary (be) ___________________ married?
15. She (ask) _________________ me to tellabout him several times.
16. John (watch) __________________ TV at 8:00 last evening.
17. He (do) ________________ his homework before he (go) _____________ to the cinema.
18. Hurry up! The train (come) ____________________.
19. We (not talk) _______________ to each other for a long time.
20. He (feel) _________________ asleep while he (do) __________________ his homework.
TOPIC 2: PASSIVE VOICE (Câu bị động)

I. CÁCH CHUYỂN ĐỔI TỪ CÂU CHỦ ĐỘNG SANG CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG
Active: SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT
Passive: SUBJECT + BE + P.P + BY + OBJECT
II. CÁCH CHUYỂN ĐỔI HÌNH THỨC ĐỘNG TỪ CỦA MỘT SỐ THÌ
THÌ
CHỦ ĐỘNG
BỊ ĐỘNG
HTĐ
V1 / Vs(es)
Am / is / are + V3
HTTD
Am / is / are + V-ing
Am / is / are + being + V3
HTHT
Has / have + V3
Has / have + been + V3
QKĐ
V2 / V-ed
Was / were + V3
QKTD
Was / were + V-ing
Was / were + being + V3
TLĐ
Will / shall + V1
Will / shall + be + V3
Note:
- Trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn đứng trước by + O; trạng từ chỉ thời gian đứng sau by + O
- Nếu chủ từ trong câu chủ động là từ phủ định (noone, nobody) thì đổi sang câu bị động phủ định.
- Các chủ từ someone, anyone, people, he, she, they … trong câu chủ động thì có thể bỏ “by + O” trong câu bị động
EXERCISES
PART A: Change into passive voice.
1. The teacher corrects our exercises at home.

2. Alice gave me a wonderful present.

3. They are building several new schools in our town.

4. We have made great progress in industry, science and medicine.

5. Sam killed a lion last week.

6. You must hand in your report before the end of this month.

7. I had just finished the job when the factory closed.

8. No one has opened that box for the past hundred years.

9. She is going to mail these letters soon

10. He should finish the report yesterday.

PART B: MULTIPLE CHOICES
11. Many U.S automobiles .................. in Detroit, Michigan.
A. manufacture B. have manufactured C. are manufactured D. are manufacturing
12. When I came, an experiment .................. in the lab.
A. was being holding B. has been held C. was being held D. has held
13. Last night a tornado swept through Rockvill. It ............. everything in its path.
A. destroyed B. was destroyed C. was being destroyed D. had been destroyed
14. This exercise may .................. with a pencil.
A. be written B. be to write C. be writing D. write
15. This picture .................... by Johnny when I came.
A. painted B. was painted C. was being painted D. had been painted
16. They speak much about this book.
A. This book is much spoken about. B. This book is much spoken.
C. This book is much about spoken. D. This book are much spoken about.
17. My shirt .................. by my sister on my last birthday.
A. gave B. was given C. had been given D. was being given
18. Hamlet was wrote by William Shakespeare.
A B C D
19. Daisys ring is make of gold.
A B C D
20. This exercise may .................. with a pencil.
A. be written B. be to write C. be writing D. write
21. The university .................. by private funds as well as by tuition income.
A. is supported B. supports C. is supporting D. has supported
22. He broke my watch.
A. My watch were broken. B. My watch be broken.
C. My watch is broken. D. My watch was broken.
23. You have to do your homework every day.
A. Your homework has been done every day. B. Your homework has to do by you every day.
C Your homework has to be done every day. D. Your homework have to be done every day.
24. Lots of houses_____________ by the earthquake.
A. are destroying B. destroyed C. were destroying D. were destroyed
25. The telephone ______________ by Alexander Graham Bell.
A. invented B. is inventing C. be invented D. was invented
TOPIC 3: WISH CLAUSES (Mệnh đề mong ước)
Có 3 dạng câu mong ước:
* Mong ước không thật ở hiện tại:
KĐ: S + wish(es) + S + V2/-ed + O (to be: were / weren’t)
PĐ: S + wish(es) + S + didn’t + V…
Ex: Ben isn’t here. I wish Ben were here.
I wish I could swim.
Ex: She failed her exam last year. She wishes she hadn’t failed her exam.
* Mong ước không thật trong tương lai
KĐ: S+ wish(es) + S + would + V1
PĐ: S + wish(es) + S + wouldn’t + V1
Ex: I wish you would stop smoking.
Note: S + wish(es) có thể thay bằng If only
Ex: I wish I weren’t so fat. = If only I weren’t so fat.
* Mong ước không thật ở quá khứ: (học ở chương trình THPT)
KĐ: S + wish(es) + S + had + V3/-ed
PĐ: S + wish(es) + S + hadn’t + V3/-ed
EXERCISES
1. I wish I (see) ____________ her off at the airport yesterday.
2. Tom wishes he (have) _________ enough money to buy a new car now.
3. Mary wishes she (become) _________ an astronaut someday.
4. He wishes he (not/buy) ______________ that old car.
5. I’m really sorry I didn’t invite her to the party.
à I really wish …………………………………………………..
6. I’m sorry I can’t help you do your homework.
à I wish …………………………………………………..
7. She doesn’t like to work with him.
à She wishes …………………………………………….
8. I dont understand this point of grammar. I wish I ______ it better.
A. understood B. would understand C. had understood D. understands
9. It never stops raining here. I wish it ______ raining.
A. stopped B. would stop C. had stopped D. will stop
10. I miss my friends. I wish my friends ______ here right now.
A. were B. would be C. had been D. was
11. I should never have said that. I wish I ______ that.
A. didnt say B. wouldnt say C. hadnt said D. says
12. I speak terrible English. I wish I ______ English well.
A. spoke B. would speak C. had spoken D. speaks
13. I cannot sleep. The dog next door is making too much noise. I wish it ______ quiet.
A kept B. would keep C. had kept D. will keep
14. This train is very slow. The earlier train was much faster. I wish I ____ the earlier train.
A. caught B. would catch C. had caught D. catches
15. I didnt see the TV programme but everybody said it was excellent. I wish I ___ it.
A. saw B. would see C. had seen D. seen
16. I went out in the rain and now I have a bad cold. I wish I ______ out.
A. didnt go B. wouldnt go C. hadnt gone D. went
17. This movie is terrible. I wish we ______ to see another one.
A. went B. would go C. had gone D. go
18. I wish I ____ more careful with my money in the future
A. would be B. should be C. could be D. had been
19. George now wishes he hasn’t broken his encouragement with Marian
A B C D
20. I sometimes wish that I will have another car.
A B C D
21. I wishes you had been at the meeting yesterday.
A B C D
22. I wish I didn’t say that to him yesterday.
A B C D
23. She wishes that we didn’t send her the candy yesterday because she’s on a diet.
A B C D
TOPIC 4: PREPOSITIONS OF TIME (GIỚI TỪ CHỈ THỜI GIAN)
1. AT: vào lúc
- dùng chỉ thời gian trong ngày
At + giờ
At midnight nừa đêm
At night buổi tối
At lunchtime vào giờ ăn trưa
At sunset lúc mặt trời lặn
At sunrise lúc mặt trời lặn
Dawn lúc bình minh
At noon giữa trưa (lúc 12 giờ trưa)
- dùng chỉ một dịp lễ hội, một thời khắc nào đó
At the weekend (người Mỹ và Úc dùng on the weekend)
At Easter vào lễ phục sinh
At Christmas vào lễ Giáng sinh
At New Year
At present, At the moment
At this / that time
At the same time cùng thời gian
At the end / beginning of this month / next month
At the age of ở lứa tuổi
Ex: He came to live in London at the age of twenty five.
Tom and Peter arrived at the same time.
2. ON: vào
- dùng chỉ thứ trong tuần, ngày trong tháng
On Monday, On 14th February, On this / that day
- dùng chỉ buổi trong ngày
On Sunday evenings
On Christmas Day, On New Year’s Day, On my birthday
3. IN: trong
- dùng chỉ buổi trong ngày nói chung, một kỳ nghỉ, một học kỳ
In the morning / afternoon / evening
In the Easter holiday
In the summer term trong học kỳ hè
In the summer holiday trong kỳ nghỉ hè
- dùng cho tháng, mùa, năm, thập kỷ, thế kỷ, thời đại và thiên niên kỷ
In August , In the summer / winter / spring / autumn, In 2010, In the 1990s, In the 19th century
In the Middle Ages, In the 3rd millennium
- dùng trong một số cụm từ để chỉ thời gian trong tương lai
In a moment / in a few minutes / in an hour / in a day / in a week / in six months
In the end cuối cùng
* Note:
On time đúng giờ (không trễ)
In time đúng lúc, kịp lúc
In the end cuối cùng In the end ≠ at first
Ex: He got more and more angry. In the end, he walked out of the room.
EXERCISES
1. She often plays the piano …………….night.
2. I always go ……………..…..school ……………….…foot
3. It never snows here…………………..……..Christmas.
4. The country looks beautiful………………….……spring.
5. I can see you……………….……Monday.
6. I live…………….…… the country, but she lives……………..…..the city.
7. We have lived in Hanoi ………….. 4 years.
8. I don’t like get up ………………..the morning.
9. He had learned the whole poem………………..heart.
10. He always comes ………….………bus.
11. This book is……………..……Dickens.
12. Is Miss Smith…………….…..home?
13. I have breakfast …………….…….7.30 every morning.
14. There is a meeting …………………1pm and 3pm.
15. My birthday is ………………..….May 5th.
16. My birthday is ……………………..the 5th.
17. She has been here …………………… yesterday.
18. I like swimming ……………..……the summer
19. We get a lot of rain………………..…….. November.
20. I will stay there till the beginning ………….June.
TOPIC 5: ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
I. ADVERB CLAUSES OF RESULT (Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ kết quả)
Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ kết quả bắt đầu bằng các từ so, therefore (vì vậy, vì thế)
Lưu ý dấu chấm câu của so và therefore
Ex: He is ill so he can’t go to school. / He is ill, so he can’t go to school.
He is ill. Therefore, he can’t go to school. / He is ill; therefore, he can’t go to school.
Một số liên từ khác cần lưu ý: and, but, however, because, since, as
Rewrite the sentences using “SO” / “THEREFORE”
1. They couldn’t help you because they are not here.
2. She doesn’t study hard and she can’t pass the exam.
3. I can’t go out because it is raining.
4. The test was so long that I can’t finish it.
II. ADVERB CLAUSES OF REASON (Mệnh đề chỉ lý do)
1. Mệnh đề chỉ lý do:
Because / As / Since + S + V
2. Cụm từ chỉ lý do
Because of / Due to + V-ing / Noun
3. Cách rút gọn mệnh đề lý do sang cụm từ chỉ lý do
a. …. because + đại từ + be + adj .
→ because of + tính từ sở hữu + N
b. …because + N + be + adj
→ because of + the + adj + N
c. . … because + S + V + O
→ because of + V-ing + O (2chủ từ phải giống nhau)
4. Một số tính từ, danh từ thông dụng
- lazy (a) laziness (n) - poor (a) poverty (n)
- happy (a) happiness (n)
- dark (a) darkness (n)
- intelligent (a) intelligence (n)
- old (a) age (n)
III. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CONCESSION (Mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ)
1. Mệnh đề chỉ sự nhượng bộ:
Although / Even though / Though + S + V, S + V + O: mặc dù
2. Cụm từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ: (Tham khảo thêm)
Despite / in spite of + V-ing / Noun phrase: mặc dù
3. Rút gọn mệnh đề chỉ sự nhượng bộ thành cụm từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ:
a. Though / although + đại từ + be + adj.
→ Despite / In spite of + tính từ sở hữu + N
b. Though / although + N + be + adj.
Despite / in spite of + the + adj. + N
a. Though / although + S + V + O
Despite / in spite of + V-ing + O (2 chủ từ phải giống nhau)
EXERCISE
Rewrite sentences using “ALTHOUGH”, “DESPITE”, “IN SPITE OF”
1. She didn’t eat much. She was hungry.
2. The plane took off. The weather was bad.
3. He is very strong. I’m not afraid of him.
4. We could do the test. It was very difficult.
5. Although it got dard, they continue to work.
6. She works very hard although she is old.
7. Despite the bad weather, we went out.
8. Though she is poor, she lived very happily.
TOPIC 6: CONNECTIVES (Từ nối)
1. and (và): dùng để thêm thông tin bổ sung
2. or (hoặc): diễn tả sự lựa chọn
3. but (nhưng): nối hai ý tương phản nhau
4. so (vì thế, do đó): diễn tả hậu quả
5. therefore (vì thế, do đó): đồng nghĩa với so, chỉ hậu quả
6. however (tuy nhiên): diễn tả sự tương phản, đồng nghĩa với but
EXERCISES
1. He drives very (careful / carefully)
2. She was (unhappy / unhappily) because of her bad result.
3. They speak English quite (good / well)
4. You look (terrible / terribly). Are you all right?
5. She sings very (beautiful / beautifully)
6. Be (careful / carefully)! The teacher is looking at you.
7. It is an (interesting / interestingly) film.
PART A: Rewrite sentences using “BECAUSE”, “AND”, “BUT”, “SO”, “OR”, …
8. He left school because of his hard life.
9. It was very dark. I couldn’t see anything.
10. He couldn’t meet you. He is very busy.
11. She was sick. She went to bed early.
12. She can’t work hard because of her age.
13. Tom is sick. He must go to school today.
14. You must study harder. You will go into another class.
15. The air in the countryside is very fresh. People like to live there.
PART B: Complete the sentences with a suitable connective words.
1. Is your brother big ........................small?
2. It is very hot today........................ Nam goes out with out a hat.
3. ........................Mr. Brown is old, he doesn’t do hard work now.
4. .......................it rained very hard yesterday , the children went to school on time.
5. Which is faster, a car ........................a motorbike?
6. Sports are good for our health. ........................; we should play volleyball, soccer and jog everyday.
7. I have many brothers ........................I have only one sister.
8. Nowadays, water, air........................the soil are polluted.
9. Tom enjoys pop music, movies. ........................; he like cartoon very much.
10. Yesterday Lan bought a notebook, a pen .......................... a compass
11. I want to go to the circus with you .......................... I have to finish my homework
12. Quang failed the exam .......................... he was lazy
13. What would you like, soup .......................... noodles?
14. Hoa’s eyes are weak. .........................., she has to wear glasses.
15. Lan is good at Math ........................Geography.
16. Nam worked very har ........................; he could not finish his work in time.
17. Do you like tea ........................coffee?
18. He is fat ........................very weak
19. ........................Mai is thin, she is very strong
20. Vegetables are good for health........................we should eat them every day.
TOPIC 7: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (Câu điều kiện)
1. Type 1: điều kiện có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai
If clause
Main clause
S + V1 / V s(es)
(don’t / doesn’t + V)
S + will / can/ may + V
(won’t / can’t + V)
2. Type 2: điều kiện không có thật ở hiện tại
If clause
Main clause
S + V-ed / V2
(didn’t + V)
To be: were / weren’t
S + would / could / should + V
(wouldn’t / couldn’t + V)
3. Type 3: điều kiện không có thật trong quá khứ ( học ở chương trình THPT)
Tham khảo thêm nếu có thời gian
If clause
Main clause
S + had + P.P
(hadn’t + P.P)
S + would / could / should + have + P.P
(wouldn’t / couldn’t + have + P.P)
4. Những cách khác để diễn đạt câu điều kiện:
a. Unless = If ….not
If you don’t work hard, you can’t earn enough money for your living.
= Unless -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
b. Without: không có = if … not
Without water, life wouldn’t exist.
= If -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:
1. Có thể diễn tả câu điều kiện mà không cần dùng if hay unless bằng cách đảo ngữ.
Were I rich, I would help you.
= If I were rich, I would help you.
Had I known her, I would have made friend with her.
= If I had known her, I would have made friend with her.
2. Có thể kết hợp điều kiện 2 và điều kiện 3 trong một câu. (Tham khảo)
If I hadn’t stayed up late last night, I wouldn’t be so tired now.
You wouldn’t be so hungry if you had had breakfast this morning.
3. Đôi khi thì hiện tại đơn được dùng cho cả hai mệnh đề của câu điều kiện để diễn tả một sự thật hiển nhiên; nó được gọi là zero conditional.
If we don’t water these flowers, they die.
4. Mệnh đề chính trong câu điều kiện loại 1 có thể là một câu đề nghị hoặc lời mời.
If you see Peter at the meeting, please tell him to return my book.
If you are free now, have a cup of coffee with me.
5. Đổi từ if sang unless:
IF
UNLESS
Khẳng định
Khẳng định (động từ trong mệnh đề chính đổi sang phủ định)
Phủ định
Khẳng định (mệnh đề chính không thay đổi)
Ex: If we had more rain, our crops would grow faster.
Unless -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
If she doesn’t work harder, she will fail the exam.
Unless ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. Dạng câu: Mệnh lệnh + or + Clause
- If you don’t + V, Clause
- If you aren’t + …, Clause
Ex: Be careful or you will cut yourself. If -------------------------------------------------------
Go away or I will call the police. If -------------------------------------------------------
EXERCISES
Part A: Transformation sentences
1. She doesn’t live in London because she doesn’t know anyone there
* If ……………………………………………………………….
2. I don’t have a spare ticket. I can’t take you to the concert
* If I ………………………………………………………………...
3. The schoolchildren sowed some seeds, but they forgot to water them so they didn’t grow.
* If the children ………………………………………………………..
4. They don’t understand the problem. They won’t find a solution
* If they …………………………………………………………….
5. Carol didn’t answer the phone because she was studying..
* If Carol ……………………………………………………
6. Rita is exhausted today because she didn’t get any sleep last night.
* If Rita ………………………………………………………
7. He can’t park near his office; that’s why he doesn’t come by car
* If he ……………………………………………………..
8. The flats are not clearly numbered, so it is very difficult to find anyone.
* If the flats …..………………………………………………………..
9. I don’t know her e-mail address, so I can’t tell you
* If I …………………………………………………………………….
10. She works in the evening. She has no time to play with her children
* If she ………………………………………………………………….
11. He doesn’t see the signal so he doesn’t stop his car
* If he ………………………………………………………………….
12. Peter gets bad marks because he doesn’t prepare his lessons well
* If Peter ………………………………………………………………
13. Mary doesn’t have enough money. She can’t buy a new car.
- If Mary ………………………………………………………………
PART B: MULTIPLE CHOICES
1. I would have visited you before if there _____ quite a lot of people in your house.
A. hadnt B. hadnt been C. wouldnt be D. wasnt
2. If you had caught the bus, you _____ late for work.
A. wouldnt have been B. would have been C. wouldn’t be D. would be
3. If I _____, I would express my feelings.
A. were asked B. would ask C. had been asked D. asked
4. If _____ as I told her, she would have succeeded.
A. she has done B. she had done C. she does D. she did
5. Will you be angry if I _____ your pocket dictionary?
A. stole B. have stolen C. were to steal D. steal
6. You made a mistake by telling her a lie. It _____ better if you _____ to her.
A. would have been / hadnt lied B. would be / didnt lie
C. will be / dont lie D. would be / hadnt lied

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